Articles (if any):
Plurals (if any):
Imperative form:
Negation:
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective:
Adjective → noun:
Noun → verb:
Verb → noun:
Verb → adjective:
Adjective → adverb:
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter):
Place where (e.g. wine → winery):
Diminutive:
Augmentative:
NAūKEMAN
Articles (if any): n/a
Plurals (if any): SUFFIX -tya /tja/, /dja/
Imperative form: PREFIX sha- /ʃa/, /tʃa/
Negation: SUFFIX: -s, -se; /s/, /se/
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: -(o)(l)or
Adjective → noun: PREFIX: e(l)- /e/, /el/
Noun → verb: ūli-
Verb → noun: SUFFIX: -ha /ha/
Verb → adjective: SUFFIX: -mil /mil/; -(ū)mi /umi/, /mi/; etc
Adjective → adverb: SUFFIX: -ot /ot/
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): SUFFIX: -mil /mil/
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): -et
Diminutive: -li
Augmentative:
Verbs become adjectives with the -mil and -(ū)mi suffixes that literally make "[noun] that [verb]s", with tenses applicable as well. This can be both general "one who Xs" and specific "Xing one".
NAūKEMAN DIALECT NEIGHBOR (W.) - Ke'osheba Naukeman
/l/ becomes /d/ (via /ɾ/). /ɹ/ becomes /r/ in non-clusters.
SATECA'AN
Articles (if any): na (the)
Plurals (if any): -an (n.), -ke (f.), cí (m.)
Imperative form: -ga
Negation: PREFIX: kí (anim.), ka (inan.)
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective:
Adjective → noun:
Noun → verb:
Verb → noun:
Verb → adjective:
Adjective → adverb:
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): -du, -mar, -nu, -kla
Place where (e.g. wine winery):
Diminutive:
Augmentative:
SOUTHERN ISLANDER SATECA'AN RELATIVE
Consonant gemination.
Final /n/ → /d/; beginning /n/ → /n:/.
most initial and all final c → s
sí → cí
/g/ → /kk/, non-final /d/ → /tt/ (word-initial /tt/ is pronounced /ʔt/)
No /w/ glide.
[k]/[kʰ] and [t]/[tʰ] distinction forms, mostly on places where the following vowel was /i/.
Final /u/ → o.
Consonants become unvoiced before /l/.
Vowel clusters are split with /ʔ/.
No animacy distinctions.
Verb conjugation: tte, ttí, be, khí
Articles (if any): nn (the)
Plurals (if any): -ad (n.); -ke, -kke (f.); -cí, -sí (m.)
Imperative form: -kka
Negation: PREFIX: khí- (anim.), ka- (inan.)
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: -tto, -ma, -no, -kula
Adjective → noun:
Noun → verb:
Verb → noun:
Verb → adjective:
Adjective → adverb:
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): -tto, -ma, -no, -kula
Place where (e.g. wine → winery):
Diminutive: -ai
Augmentative:
EWA SIO
Articles (if any): n/a
Plurals (if any): reduplication, SUFFIX: xi /ħi/ for dual
Imperative form: SVO
Negation: PREFIX: /voa/
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: [noun] ha, or ela [noun] xiweo (adj. form of "resembling [noun]"), depending on meaning.
Adjective → noun: given case particles, incl. /la/ and /wa/ as appropriate
Noun → verb: conjugated as if a verb, with suffix /(ʔ)o/
Verb → noun: fully conjugated verb is followed by case particles, incl. archaic /la/ and /wa/ as appropriate
Verb → adjective: ela /ela/, ewa /ewa/
Adjective → adverb: n/a, adjective applies as it would to a noun
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): ela /ela/, ewa /ewa/
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): [noun form] ha oen
Diminutive: hwa /hwa/
Augmentative: moe /moe/
Ordinal numbers: 'imi-[NUMBER]
Her singing is beautiful
esi ha amo la mayoa
She was singing at the trading grounds
esi aeo la ha oen ngo hi'i amo
(in other dialect: asi ao la ha oon go hiki amo)?
NORTH NEIGHBOR DIALECT TO EWA SIO:
x is /x/, ' becomes /k/, th becomes /t/, initial /ng/ becomes /g/. Final /n/ becomes /ng/. /f/ often becomes /v/; /v/ -> p.
Distinction forms between /e/ and /ɛ/; romanized as é and e.
Lots of final e -> /a/ and /ea/ or /ae/ -> é. Often ai /ai/ becomes ay /aj/.
(C)iV- and (C)uV- in words sometimes become (C)yV and (C)wV.
Cuo sometimes becomes just Co or Coo. /ao/ often becomes /aa/.
Second vowel /e/ often becomes gemination of first vowel. (Ex. yoeyoe -> yoeyoo)
Plurals are full-word reduplication.
Vowels are geminated more often.
he you
taki I (formal)
si I (informal, f)
tai I (informal, m)
uti he/she/they (anim)
esi they (pl.)
ge it, this
gwa that
enaha what
sang who
éta where
sési person
maka mother, woman
yeka father, man
ili daughter, girl
iyi son, boy
saa brother (of a boy), sister (of a girl)
moyaka older sister (of a boy), aunt
yaowaka older brother (of a girl), uncle
lyowa younger sister (of a boy), nephew
iyowa younger brother (of a girl), niece
mémé grandmother (maternal)
maamay grandmother (paternal)
yoeyoo grandfather (maternal)
kaykay grandfather (paternal)
la (nom.)
wa (acc.)
a (genitive)
go (intrumentative/locative)
mé (vocative)
hoo (binary question marker) (used at beginning of sentence)
-in (SUFFIX, indicates passive form)
North ne (if unmarked), sata ne, wiyenga ne
South vo ne
East asihala uvé a ne
West osela uvé a ne
Articles (if any): n/a
Plurals (if any): none, sometime duplication to mean 'a lot of'
Imperative form: omits subj. or uses 'you' (/he/) for subj.
Negation: PREFIX: /vo/
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: -a for [noun]'s, [noun] xiwela for [noun]-like; otherwise use as-is
Adjective → noun: given case particles, incl. /la/ and /wa/ etc as appropriate
Noun → verb: conjugated as if a verb, with suffix /(ʔ)o/
Verb → noun: replace final /o/ with /la/ or /wa/ as appropriate
Verb → adjective: [VERB] (-in) (-la(a))/(-wa(a))*
Adjective → adverb: -go
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): ayla /ajla/ [VERB](-in).
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): [noun form] oen
Diminutive: hwa /hwa/
Augmentative: mo /mo/
*The -la and -wa suffixes become -laa and -waa for words that end in a doubled vowel.
(SOUTH) RIVER DELTA NEIGHBOR DIALECT TO EWA SIO:
/x/ -> /h/ (word start) and /k/ (after consonant), /ʔ/ -> /g/. Generally C/h/ becomes C/k/.
Starting en and midword ng -> nn (geminated/moraic??); starting ng -> n.
/v/ -> /b/
/f/ -> /p/.
th -> /s/~/z/. starting /s/->/z/
Vowel shift: e->/ɛ/ ; /oe/, /oa/, some final /a/ -> ú /ʊ/ ; uo -> o, ua -> oa ; some non-final a-> é /e/
Articles: n/a
Plurals: reduplication of first syllable
Imperative: /he-/
Negation: /ba-/
Derivational morphology
Noun → adjective: -/ha/ or -/hiweo/, -/kiweo/
Adjective → noun:
Noun → verb:
Verb → noun:
Verb → adjective:
Adjective → adverb:
One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): lú-, wé-
Place where (e.g. wine → winery): -(n)non
Diminutive: -wa
Augmentative:
-ka (Genitive)
-no (Instr)
-(n)no (Loc)
-me (Voc.)
oi (?)
-hin (passive)
hege you (fml.)
he you (inf.)
ségi i (fml.)
si i (inf.)
usi he/she/they/it
ne this
no here
noa that
nen there
nnéha what
zén who
eyisa where
zési person
hiyiwa baby
mégé mother
yegé father
lili girl, daughter
yiyi boy, son
zao sibling (same gender)
mú older sister (of a man), a woman a little older than you
yao older brother (of a woman), a man a little older than you
mo'iaga aunt, older woman/ma'am (adult, middle-aged)
yaogú uncle, older man/sir
liú little sister (of a man), niece, young woman
yoa little brother (of a woman), nephew, young man
éli cousin
me'éma maternal grandmother (one's own), old woman
maimai paternal grandmother
yúyú maternal grandfather
gaigai paternal grandfather (one's own), old man
ne North
ban South
SATECA'AN relative all the way down south past the delta, on an island near the delta
====
Equivalent name to Ewa Sio (that which is spoken): Aylasyoin.
Actual language: ayawoa (bimaki a) yookami tuhin. (AKA ayawoa tuhin) - tongue of the river (mouth) peoples
Ewa Sio people call themselves "ayawo ha sasaesi", "the river's people". They call the Yookami people "ela ayawo ha vama'i ilo sasaesi", "those who chase the rivermouth", and sometimes "wiyen ha ne ha euli", "north cousins". They call the Naūkeman "ximi ha sasaesi", "the people of the sword", and "satha sasaesi", "the cold people".
The Yookami call the Ewa Sio people "somgo soeelaa" ("those who are below"), because they live downstream. They also call Ayo-ha-Sasaesi's southern neighbors "ayikinggo soeelaa" ("those who are at the farthest reach") (the Island people), and "nela sakaago soeelaa" ("those who live at unclean waters") (the downstream/river delta people). The Ewa Sio also call those people "ela ayi'in ngo soeo" and "nele sa'ao ha sasaesi", which mean roughly the same things. They call the Naūkeman speakers "ne sési" ("north people")
The Ayawo ha Sasaesi call the Sateca'an speaking peoples "angai sasaesi", "the scattered people", because of their semi-nomadic fishing and trading lives across water vessels and many small isles in the archipelago, and sometimes also "ela vua ngo sango xiweo sasaesi", "the people who smell of fish". The Yookami call them "angayla" ("scattered ones") as well.
The Naūkeman speakers call the Sateca'an speaking peoples "ashuntiroshba", "the sailboat people" (from "acintíroc", "20-man-boat"), the Ewa Sio people "somsolaba" (from "somgo soeelaa") and the south delta people "nelsakagoslaba" (from "nela sakaago soeelaa"), and sometimes broadly reference the Ewa Sio and south delta people, etc, as "onenba" ("far(-away) people"). The call themselves "Ūkma", "the real people", or "batyaba", "people-people". They call the Yookami "yunitba", "southerners", or "olnoba", "river people".
The River Delta people call themselves "lúnonminno zési", "the people who are here", or "lúemi", "the first ones". The people from the island offshore are "lúeléki", "the lone(ly) people". The Sateca'an speakers are "lúanné", "scattered ones". Their northern neighbors the Ayo ha Sasaesi are "uma ayo zézési", "upriver people"
The Sateca'an speaking people call the Naūkeman "acinde kíwednanu", "people who do not know (of) (proper) boats", or more politely, "(no dwedon) bílonnu", "(shore)-traders". The Ewa Sio speaking people are "ten oelnu", "those without swords", and the Yookami "no dweo kípanu", "shore-lingerers". They call the river delta people "(lící) skagoselanu", from the Yookami's "nela sakaago soeelaa" name for them.
They call themselves "na (lící) cunnu", "the first ones/people", or "lící ta na síndwe'an slanu", "people of the many waters/seas".
The south islanders call the Ukma "sunsuninano" ("far northeners", lit "those who come from the north north") and Yokami "suninano". The Ayo ha Sasaesi are "ttwe'oberuno" ("river-drinkers") and the Luemi are "bekhípano" ("traders"). The Nacunu are "beipano", ("travelers"), or "íwusino" ("the old ones")
Worldbuilding notes?
The Ukma have more advanced forging and metalworking than most of their neighbors, hence swords instead of just daggers and spears.
GROUPS:
Ukma / Ūkma - Acinde Kíwednanu; Bílonnu / Nesési / Ne ha Sasaesi / Nezézési / Sunsuninano
Nashunu / Nacunnu - Ashuntiroshba / Angayla / Ela Angai / Lúanné / Íwusino
Yokami / Yookami - Yunitba / Bíkípanu / Ela Ayo ha Vima'i Ilo; Ne ha Euli / (Ne) Umaayozézési / Suninano
Ayo ha Sasaesi - Somsoloba / Ten Oelnu / Somgo Soeelaa / (Ban) Umaayozézési / Ttwe'o Beruno
Lúemi / Lúnonminno - Nelaskagoba; Onenba / Nelsakagoslanu / Nelasakaago Soeelaa / Nele Sa'ao ha Sasaesi / Bekhípano